\paperw3990 \margr0\margl0 \plain \fs20 \f1 \fs24 \b 330 \b0 û Emperor Constantine establishes the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, \b \cf1 \ATXht87 Constantinople\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 , on the shores of the Bosphorus.\par
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\b 527/565\b0 û Justinian I, emperor of Byzantium.\par
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\b 1071\b0 û Defeat of the Byzantine armies in the battle against the Seljuk Turks at Manzikert.\par
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\b 1074 \b0 û The \b \cf1 \ATXht81 Seljuks\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 occupy Jerusalem, capturing it from the Egyptian Fatimids.\par
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\b 1077/1307\b0 û Seljuk sultanate in Asia Minor.\par
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\b 1095 \b0 û During the Synod of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls for the liberation of the Holy La
nd, launching the \b \cf1 \ATXht82 First Crusade\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 .\par
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\b 1147/1149\b0 û Second Crusade.\par
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\b 1187 \b0 û Capture of Jerusalem by the Kurdish sultan Saladin.\par
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\b 1189/1192 \b0 û Third Crusade.\par
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\b 1192
\b0 û Peace treaty between the Kurdish commander Saladin and Richard Coeur de Lion, king of England.\par
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\b 1202/1204 \b0 û Fourth Crusade.\par
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\b 1204 \b0 û The crusaders sack and lay waste to the city of Constantinople. Beginning of the L
atin Empire (1204/1261).\par
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\b 1228\b0 û The German emperor Frederick II assumes the title of \i Rex Hierosolymorum\i0 .\par
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\b 1261\b0 û Reestablishment of the Byzantine Empire at Constantinople.\par
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\b 1270\b0 û Eighth and last
Crusade.\par
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\b ca. 1282/1326\b0 û Reign of Osman I, Turkish emir. Birth of the \b \cf1 \ATXht79 Ottoman state\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 .\par
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\b 1292 \b0 û Loss of the crusadersÆ last possessions in the Middle East.\par
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\b 1300/1924\b0 û R
ule of Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Turkey, the Balkans, Greece, Palestine, and the Maghreb by the Ottoman dynasty.\par
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\b 1331\b0 û Capture of Nicaea by the Turkish armies.\par
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\b 1348 \b0 û The Black Death in the West.\par
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\b 1359/1389\b0 û Ottoman sultanate of Murad I.\par
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\b 1389/1482\b0 û Ottoman sultanate of Beyazid I.\par
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\b 14th cent.\b0 û Under the rule of the Paleologus dynasty, Constantinople is isolated and surrounded by Ottoman settlements.\par
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\b 1451\b0 û Muhammad I (1451/1481) ascends the throne.\par
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\b 1453\b0 û The Turks invade \b \cf1 \ATXht83 Constantinople \b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 on May 29. The end of the Byzantine Empire. \b \cf1 Hagia Sofia\b0 \cf0 is turned into a mosque.
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\b 1479\b0 û Peace of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and Venice.\par
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\b early 16th cent.\b0 û The Ottomans push into Persia and put an end to Mameluke rule over Jerusalem. They move into Egypt and the Maghreb.\par
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\b 1
520\b0 û \b \cf1 \ATXht85 Suleiman the Magnificent\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 (1520/1566) ascends the throne.\par
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\b ca. 1520 \b0 û The poet and teacher \b \cf1 \ATXht93 Jalal ud-Din Rumi\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 , originally from what is now Afghanistan, writes on
e of the most important works in Islam, the \i Mathnawi\i0 .\par
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\b 1526\b0 û Ottoman conquest of Hungary.\par
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\b 1529 \b0 û The Ottoman army besieges Vienna but is repulsed.\par
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\b 1571\b0 û Defeat of the Ottomans at the battle o
f Lepanto by the Holy League of the Christian countries of the Mediterranean.\par
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\pard\tx465\tx1185\tx1905\tx2625\tx3345\tx4065\tx4785\tx5505\tx6225\tx6945\tx7665\tx9105\tx9825\tx10545\tx11265\tx11985\ATXts240\ATXbrdr0 \b 1923\b0 û Proclamation